„Social Media“ bzw. „soziales Netzwerk“ bezeichnen Medien, bei denen sich die Nutzer:innen untereinander vernetzen und miteinander Informationen (Texte, Bilder, Videos, Links etc.) austauschen. Kommunikation und der Austausch von Informationen gehen dabei in der Regel Hand in Hand.
Soziale Medien sind die Gesamtheit der Onlineangebote, die es Personen, Vereinen, Körperschaften oder Gesellschaften ermöglichen, Inhalte im Internet einer Gruppe oder der Öffentlichkeit zur Verfügung zu stellen. Eine redaktionelle Prüfung gibt es nicht oder nur sehr eingeschränkt. Es gibt strukturell kein soziales Gefälle zwischen Sender und Empfänger. Durch Liken oder Teilen von Beiträgen werden Informationen verbreitet und die Relevanz von Beiträgen wird damit durch die Gemeinschaft bestimmt, bzw. durch Relevanz-Algorithmen.
Soziale Netzwerke sind immer ähnlich aufgebaut: Mitglieder stellen über sogenannte Statusmeldungen Informationen für andere Nutzer:innen bereit. Dabei können sie bestimmen, wer diese Beiträge sehen darf: alle im Netzwerk registrierten Personen oder nur Freunde, das heisst Personen, die vorgängig erfasst wurden. Die Lesenden wiederum haben die Möglichkeit, solche Meldungen, die Videos und Fotos beinhalten können, mit einem Klick wieder mit den eigenen Freunden zu teilen, was sehr schnell zu einem breiten Publikum führen kann. So sind andere Nutzerinnern und Nutzer jederzeit auf dem Laufenden, was in ihrem Netzwerk gerade aktuell ist.
Meta ist wohl der bekannteste Anbieter unter den sozialen Netzwerken. Mit 3.05 Milliarden registrierten Nutzenden auf Facebook (Januar 2024) ist die Verbreitung gigantisch. Bei Jugendlichen hat Facebook jedoch stark an Beliebtheit verloren. Weltweit auf dem zweiten Platz der monatlich aktiven Nutzenden liegt Youtube mit 2.5 Milliarden, gefolgt von WhatsApp (2 Milliarden), Instagram (2 Milliarden) und TikTok (1.5 Milliarden).
Da Soziale Medien längst zentraler Bestandteil der Lebenswelten von Kindern und Jugendlichen. Das Kommunizieren miteinander und das Beziehen von Informationen zu Themen ihres Interessenbereiches gehört zu den täglichen Handlungen der Schülerinnen und Schüler. Doch birgt die Nutzung sozialer Netzwerke auch etliche Risiken, für die besonders Kinder und Jugendliche sensibilisiert werden müssen: Social Media-Stress, Selbstoptimierungsdruck durch Influencerinnen und Influencer, Cybermobbing, Hate Speech, Verstösse gegen Datenschutz und Urheberrecht – das sind nur einige der Probleme, die die Nutzung von sozialen Netzwerken mit sich bringen kann.
Im Unterricht können Lehrkräfte das Thema aufgreifen, indem sie den verantwortungsvollen Umgang der Heranwachsenden mit Social Media fördern. Im Lehrplan 21 sind im Kompetenzbereich “Kommunizieren und Kooperieren” die entsprechenden Kompetenzstufen festgehalten.
Schülerinnen und Schüler…
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Die Lernenden lernen Verhaltensregeln bei digitaler Interaktion und Kooperation kennen, berücksichtigen ethische Prinzipien und kulturelle Vielfalt im Netz und reflektieren Risiken und Gefahren in digitalen Umgebungen. Sie entwickeln Strategien zu ihrem Schutz, indem sie Massnahmen zur Datensicherheit kennenlernen.
